Ntuziaka a gosipụtara na-egosi ụfọdụ nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị nke nwere ike ime na ihe polymer na elastomeric dị iche na nke na-eme na akara ígwè na ihe ndị dị na ya.
Ọdịda nke ihe mejupụtara polymer (plastic na elastomeric) na nsonaazụ ya nwere ike ịdị njọ dịka ọdịda nke akụrụngwa igwe.Ozi ewepụtara na-akọwa ụfọdụ njirimara na-emetụta akụrụngwa polymer nke eji na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.Ozi a na-emetụta ụfọdụ ihe nketaO-mgbanaka, ọjà a na-etinye n'ahịrị, rọba agbakwunyere fiber (FRP) na ọkpọkọ.A na-atụle ihe atụ nke akụrụngwa dị ka ntinye, okpomọkụ iko, na viscoelasticity na ihe ha pụtara.
Na Jenụwarị 28, 1986, ọdachi ụgbọ elu Challenger juru ụwa anya.Mgbawa a mere n'ihi na O-ring emeghị nke ọma.
Mmejọ ndị akọwara n'isiokwu a na-ewebata ụfọdụ njirimara nke mmejọ ndị na-abụghị ọla na-emetụta akụrụngwa eji na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ.Maka nke ọ bụla, a na-atụle ihe ndị dị mkpa polymer.
Elastomers nwere okpomọkụ mgbanwe ugegbe, nke akọwara dị ka "okpomọkụ nke ihe amorphous, dị ka iko ma ọ bụ polymer, na-agbanwe site na ọnọdụ enyo na-egbuke egbuke gaa na steeti ductile" [1].
Elastomers nwere nhazi mkpakọ - "akọwara dị ka pasent nke nsogbu nke elastomer na-enweghị ike ịgbake ma oge a kapịrị ọnụ na extrusion na okpomọkụ nyere" [2].Dị ka onye edemede si kwuo, mkpakọ na-ezo aka n'ikike nke rọba ịlaghachi n'ụdị mbụ ya.N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, uru mkpakọ na-akwụ ụgwọ site na mgbasawanye ụfọdụ na-eme n'oge eji.Otú ọ dị, dị ka ihe atụ dị n'okpuru ebe a na-egosi, nke a abụghị mgbe niile.
Mmejọ 1: Okpomọkụ ikuku dị ala (36°F) tupu ewee ya butere mgbanaka Viton O-ezughị ezu na onye na-ama ihe na-anya ụgbọ ala.Dị ka ekwuru na nchọpụta ihe mberede dị iche iche: "N'ebe okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 50 ° F, Viton V747-75 O-ring adịghị agbanwe agbanwe iji nyochaa oghere nke oghere ule" [3].Okpomọkụ mgbanwe iko na-eme ka mgbanaka O-mgbanaka ada ada nke ọma.
Nsogbu 2: Akara nke egosipụtara na Figure 1 na 2 bụ isi ihe na-ekpuchi mmiri na uzuoku.Eji ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) chịkọta akara ndị ahụ na saịtị.Agbanyeghị, ha na-anwale fluoroelastomer (FKM) dị ka Viton) na perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) dị ka Kalrez O-mgbanaka.Ọ bụ ezie na nha dịgasị iche iche, mgbanaka O-mgbanaka niile egosiri na eserese 2 na-amalite otu nha:
Kedu ihe mere?Ojiji nke uzuoku nwere ike bụrụ nsogbu maka elastomer.Maka ngwa uzuoku n'elu 250F, mgbasawanye na nrụrụ mgbagha FKM na FFKM ga-abụ n'uche na nchikota nhazi nhazi.Elastomers dị iche iche nwere ụfọdụ uru na ọghọm, ọbụna ndị nwere nnukwu nguzogide kemịkalụ.Mgbanwe ọ bụla chọrọ nlebara anya nke ọma.
Ndetu izugbe na elastomers.N'ozuzu, iji elastomers na okpomọkụ dị n'elu 250°F na n'okpuru 35°F bụ ihe pụrụ iche ma nwee ike ịchọ ntinye onye nrụpụta.
Ọ dị mkpa iji chọpụta ihe mejupụtara elastomeric eji.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị elastomers dị iche iche, dị ka EPDM, FKM na FFKM ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.Agbanyeghị, ịnwale ịmata ọdịiche dị n'otu ogige FKM na nke ọzọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe ịma aka.O-mgbanaka nke ndị nrụpụta dị iche iche mere nwere ike ịnwe ndo dị iche iche, mgbanaka, na ọgwụgwọ.Ihe a niile nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na nhazi mkpakọ, nguzogide kemịkalụ na njirimara okpomọkụ dị ala.
Ndị polymer nwere ogologo oge, na-emegharị ụdọ molekụla nke na-ekwe ka ụfọdụ mmiri mmiri banye n'ime ha.N'adịghị ka ọla, nke nwere usoro kristal, ogologo ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ejikọta ibe ha dị ka eriri spaghetti esichara.N'anụ ahụ, obere ụmụ irighiri ihe dị ka mmiri/uzuoku na gas nwere ike ịbanye.Ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe dị ntakịrị nke ga-adaba na oghere dị n'agbata agbụ nke ọ bụla.
Ọdịda 3: Otutu, idetu nyocha nyocha ọdịda na-amalite site n'inweta onyonyo nke akụkụ ahụ.Otú ọ dị, mpempe rọba dị larịị, na-agbanwe agbanwe, mmanụ ụgbọala na-esi ísì nke enwetara na Fraịde aghọọla ọkpọkọ siri ike ka ọ na-erule Mọnde (oge e sere foto ahụ).A na-akọ na akụrụngwa a bụ jaket ọkpọkọ polyethylene (PE) eji echebe ihe eletrik n'okpuru ọkwa ala n'ọdụ mmanụ.Mpempe rọba dị larịị na-agbanwe agbanwe ị nwetara echekwaghị eriri ahụ.Ntinye nke mmanụ ụgbọala kpatara mgbanwe anụ ahụ, ọ bụghị mgbanwe kemịkalụ - ọkpọkọ polyethylene emebighị.Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa ịbanye n'ime obere ọkpọkọ dị nro.
Mmejọ 4. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-eji ọkpọkọ ígwè na-ekpuchi Teflon maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri, ọgwụgwọ acid na ebe a na-ewepụ ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ígwè (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụlọ ọrụ nri).Ọkpụkpọ nke Teflon nwere oghere na-enye ohere ka mmiri na-abanye n'ime oghere dị n'etiti ígwè na mkpuchi ka ọ pụọ.Otú ọ dị, ọkpọkọ nwere eriri nwere ndụ nchekwa mgbe ejiri ogologo oge mee ihe.
Ọgụgụ 4 na-egosi ọkpọkọ Teflon nke ejiri na-enye HCl ihe karịrị afọ iri.Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ngwaahịa corrosion ígwè na-agbakọta na oghere anular n'etiti liner na ọkpọkọ ígwè.Ngwaahịa ahụ kwabatara mkpuchi ahụ n'ime, na-akpata mmebi dị ka egosiri na foto 5. Nrụrụ nke ígwè na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ọkpọkọ malitere ịgbapụta.
Na mgbakwunye, creep na-eme na Teflon flange elu.A na-akọwa creep dị ka nrụrụ (deformation) n'okpuru ibu mgbe niile.Dị ka ọ dị na ọla, ihe na-akpụ akpụ nke polymers na-abawanye na okpomọkụ na-abawanye.Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka ígwè, creep na-eme na ụlọ okpomọkụ.O yikarịrị, ka akụkụ obe nke ala flange na-ebelata, a na-emechi bolts nke ọkpọkọ ígwè ruo mgbe mgbanaka mgbanaka pụtara, nke egosiri na foto a.Mgbawa okirikiri na-ekpughepụ ọkpọkọ ígwè na HCl.
Ọdịda 5: A na-ejikarị eriri polyethylene dị elu (HDPE) eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas iji rụkwaa ahịrị ịgba mmiri nchara nchara.Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe ndị a chọrọ n'iwu maka enyemaka nrụgide liner.Ọnụọgụ nke 6 na 7 na-egosi akara ahịrị dara ada.Mmebi nke otu eriri valvụ na-eme mgbe nrụgide annulus karịrị nrụgide arụ ọrụ dị n'ime - liner na-ada n'ihi ntinye.Maka ndị na-ahụ maka HDPE, ụzọ kachasị mma iji gbochie ọdịda a bụ izere ịda mbà n'obi ngwa ngwa nke ọkpọkọ.
Ike nke akụkụ fiberglass na-ebelata site na iji ugboro ugboro.Ọtụtụ ọkwa nwere ike delaminate ma gbawaa ka oge na-aga.API 15 HR “High Pressure Fiberglass Linear Pipe” nwere nkwupụta na ngbanwe nke 20% bụ nnwale na oke nrụzi.Nkeji 13.1.2.8 nke Canadian Standard CSA Z662, Petroleum and Gas Pipeline Systems, na-akọwapụta na a ga-edobe ngbanwe nrụgide n'okpuru 20% nke ọkwa nrụgide onye na-emepụta ọkpọkọ.Ma ọ bụghị ya, nrụgide imewe nwere ike belata ruo 50%.Mgbe ị na-emepụta FRP na FRP na mkpuchi, a ga-eburu n'uche ibu cyclic.
Mmejọ 6: Akụkụ ala (elekere isii) nke ọkpọkọ fiberglass (FRP) ejiri na-ebunye mmiri nnu kpuchie ya na polyethylene dị elu.A nwalere akụkụ dara ada, akụkụ dị mma mgbe ọdịda, na akụkụ nke atọ (na-anọchite anya akụrụngwa nrụpụta post) nwalere.Karịsịa, a na-atụnyere akụkụ nke akụkụ nke akụkụ nke dara ada na akụkụ nke ọkpọkọ nke a na-emepụta ihe nke otu nha (lee foto 8 na 9).Rịba ama na akụkụ obe dara ada nwere nnukwu mgbawa intralaminar na-adịghị adị na ọkpọkọ arụpụtara.Delamination mere na ma ọhụrụ na ọkpọkọ dara ada.Delamination bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na fiberglass nwere nnukwu iko;Ọdịnaya iko dị elu na-enye ike ka ukwuu.Ọkpụkpụ ahụ nwere mgbanwe nrụgide siri ike (karịa 20%) ma daa n'ihi ntinye cyclic.
Nleba 9. Nke a bụ akụkụ abụọ ọzọ nke eriri fiberglass emechara na ọkpọkọ fiberglass dị elu nke polyethylene.
N'oge ntinye na saịtị, a na-ejikọta obere akụkụ nke ọkpọkọ - njikọ ndị a dị oke mkpa.Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-ejikọta akụkụ abụọ nke ọkpọkọ ọnụ na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọkpọkọ ahụ jupụtara na "putty."A na-ekechikwa nkwonkwo ahụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nke nkwado fiberglass obosara obosara ma tinye ya na resin.N'elu elu nke nkwonkwo ga-enwerịrị mkpuchi nchara zuru oke.
Ihe ndị na-abụghị ọla dị ka liners na fiberglass bụ viscoelastic.Ọ bụ ezie na njirimara a siri ike ịkọwa, ihe ngosi ya bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị: mmebi na-emekarị n'oge echichi, ma ntanye anaghị eme ozugbo."Viscoelasticity bụ ihe onwunwe nke ihe na-egosipụta ma viscous na ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe ọ nwere nkwarụ.Ihe viscous (dị ka mmanụ a honeyụ) na-egbochi ịgbasa shear ma na-agbanwe n'ahịrị ka oge na-aga mgbe etinyere nrụgide.Ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe (dị ka ígwè) ga-agbarahụ ozugbo, ma na-alaghachi ngwa ngwa na ọnọdụ mbụ ha mgbe ewepụsịrị nrụgide.Ihe Viscoelastic nwere ma akụrụngwa ya mere na-egosipụta nrụrụ oge na-agbanwe agbanwe.Ngbanwe na-apụtakarị site na ndọtị nke agbụ n'akụkụ ụgbọ elu kristal n'ihe siri ike nyere iwu, ebe viscosity na-esite na mgbasa nke atọm ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'ime ihe amorphous" [4].
Ihe mejupụtara fiberglass na plastik chọrọ nlekọta pụrụ iche n'oge ntinye na njikwa.Ma ọ bụghị ya, ha nwere ike ịgbawa na mmebi nwere ike ọ gaghị apụta ìhè ruo ogologo oge ka nyochachara hydrostatic.
Ọtụtụ ọdịda nke eriri fiberglass na-eme n'ihi mmebi n'oge echichi [5].Nnwale hydrostatic dị mkpa mana ọ naghị achọpụta obere mmebi nwere ike ime n'oge eji.
Ọgụgụ 10. Egosiri ebe a bụ oghere dị n'ime (aka ekpe) na mpụta (n'aka nri) n'etiti akụkụ ọkpọkọ fiberglass.
Ọdịiche 7. Ihe osise 10 na-egosi njikọ nke akụkụ abụọ nke ọkpọkọ fiberglass.Ọgụgụ 11 na-egosi akụkụ obe nke njikọ ahụ.A naghị agbanye elu elu nke ọkpọkọ nke ọma ma mechie ya, na ọkpọkọ ahụ mebiri n'oge njem.A na-enye ndụmọdụ maka ịkwado nkwonkwo na DIN 16966, CSA Z662 na ASME NM.2.
Ọkpụkpụ polyethylene dị elu dị arọ, na-eguzogide corrosion, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka gas na ọkpọkọ mmiri, gụnyere ọkụ ọkụ na saịtị ụlọ ọrụ.Ọtụtụ ọdịda na ahịrị ndị a na-ejikọta ya na mmebi a na-enweta n'oge ọrụ ngwuputa [6].Agbanyeghị, ọdịda mgbape nwayọ nwayọ (SCG) nwekwara ike ime na nrụgide dị obere na obere nsogbu.Dị ka akụkọ, "SCG bụ a nkịtị ọdịda mode na n'okpuruala polyethylene pipeline (PE) na a imewe ndụ nke afọ 50" [7].
Mmejọ 8: SCG etolitela n'ime eriri ọkụ ka ejiri ihe karịrị afọ 20 mee ihe.Ọkpụkpụ ya nwere njirimara ndị a:
A na-eji ụkpụrụ mgbaji mara ọdịda SCG: ọ nwere obere nrụrụ ma na-eme n'ihi ọtụtụ mgbanaka mgbakasị ahụ.Ozugbo mpaghara SCG na-abawanye ruo ihe dịka sentimita 2 x 1.5, mgbawa ahụ na-agbasa ngwa ngwa na njirimara macroscopic na-apụtachaghị ìhè (Foto 12-14).Ahịrị ahụ nwere ike ịnwe mgbanwe ibu karịa 10% kwa izu.A kọwawo nkwonkwo HDPE ochie ka ọ na-eguzogide ọdịda n'ihi mgbanwe ibu karịa nkwonkwo HDPE ochie [8].Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a kwesịrị ịtụle ịmepụta SCG dị ka HDPE ọkụ hoses na-eto.
Ọgụgụ 12. Foto a na-egosi ebe T-alaka na-ejikọta ya na ọkpọkọ isi, na-emepụta mgbawa nke akụ na-acha uhie uhie na-egosi.
Osikapa.14. N'ebe a, ị nwere ike ịhụ nso nso mgbaji n'elu nke alaka T na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọkpọkọ isi nke T.Enwere mgbawa doro anya n'elu ime.
Ndị na-ebu ibu dị n'etiti (IBCs) dị mma maka ịchekwa na ibufe obere kemịkalụ (Njirimara 15).Ha nwere ntụkwasị obi nke ukwuu nke na ọ dị mfe ichefu na ọdịda ha nwere ike ibute nnukwu ihe egwu.Otú ọ dị, ọdịda MDS nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu mfu ego, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-enyocha site na ndị edemede.Ọtụtụ ọdịda na-ebute site na njikwa na-ezighi ezi [9-11].Agbanyeghị na IBC dị ka ọ dị mfe inyocha, mgbawa na HDPE kpatara site na njikwa na-ezighi ezi na-esiri ike ịchọpụta.Maka ndị njikwa akụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikarị nnukwu akpa nwere ngwaahịa dị ize ndụ, nyocha nke mpụga na nke ime bụ iwu mgbe niile.na United States.
UV (UV) mmebi na ịka nká na-ejupụta na polymers.Nke a pụtara na anyị ga-akpachara anya soro ntuziaka nchekwa O-mgbanaka ma tụlee mmetụta na ndụ nke mpụga akụrụngwa dị ka oghere elu tankị na ọdọ mmiri lining.Ọ bụ ezie na anyị kwesịrị ịkwalite (iwelata) mmefu ego mmezi, ụfọdụ nyocha nke ihe ndị dị n'èzí dị mkpa, karịsịa ndị ekpughere na ìhè anyanwụ (Njirimara 16).
Àgwà ndị dị ka iko mgbanwe okpomọkụ, mkpakọ set, penetration, ụlọ okpomọkụ creep, viscoelasticity, ngwa mgbape propagation, wdg na-ekpebi arụmọrụ e ji mara plastic na elastomeric akụkụ.Iji hụ na mmezi nke ọma na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke ihe ndị dị oke mkpa, a ghaghị iburu n'uche ihe ndị a, na polymer ga-amarịrị ihe ndị a.
Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ga-amasị ikele ndị ahịa na ndị ọrụ ibe nwere nghọta maka ịkọrọ ha nchoputa ha na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.
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2. Isi iyi ịntanetị: https://promo.parker.com/promotionsite/oring-ehandbook/us/en/ehome/laboratory-compression-set.
3. Lach, Cynthia L., Mmetụta nke Okpomọkụ na O-Ring Surface Ọgwụgwọ na Akara ikike nke Viton V747-75.Akwụkwọ nka nka NASA 3391, 1993, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940013602.pdf.
5. Omume kachasị mma maka ndị na-emepụta mmanụ na gas Canada (CAPP), "Iji nkwụsi ike nke ngwakọta (Na-abụghị Metallic) Pipeline," April 2017.
6. Maupin J. na Mamun M. ọdịda, ihe ize ndụ na ihe ize ndụ nke nyocha nke ọkpọkọ plastik, DOT Project No. 194, 2009.
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8. Oliphant, K., Conrad, M., na Bryce, W., Ike ọgwụgwụ nke Plastic Water Pipe: Nleba Nka na Ntugharị maka Nrụpụta Ike Ike nke PE4710 Pipe, Nka na ụzụ Nka na nnọchite nke Plastic Pipe Association, Mee 2012.
9. Ntuziaka CBA/SIA maka nchekwa nke mmiri mmiri na etiti nnukwu akpa, ICB mbipụta 2, October 2018 Online: www.chemical.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ibc-guidance-issue-2- 2018-1.pdf.
10. Beale, Christopher J., Way, Charter, Ihe na-akpata IBC Leaks na Chemical Plants - Nyocha nke Ahụmahụ Ịrụ Ọrụ, Usoro Ọmụmụ Nke 154, ICEmE, Rugby, UK, 2008, online: https://www.icheme.org/media/9737/xx-akwụkwọ-42.pdf.
11. Madden, D., Ilekọta IBC Totes: Ndụmọdụ ise iji mee ka ha bụrụ nke ikpeazụ, ezigara na nnukwu akpa, IBC Totes, Sustainability, ezigara na blog.containerexchanger.com, Septemba 15, 2018.
Ana Benz bụ Chief Engineer na IRISNDT (5311 86th Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6E 5T8; Ekwentị: 780-577-4481; Email: [email protected]).Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka corrosion, ọdịda na ọkachamara nyocha maka afọ 24.Ahụmahụ ya gụnyere ime nyocha site na iji usoro nyocha dị elu na ịhazi mmemme nyocha ihe ọkụkụ.Mercedes-Benz na-eje ozi ụlọ ọrụ nhazi kemịkalụ, osisi petrochemical, osisi fatịlaịza na osisi nickel n'ụwa niile, yana osisi mmepụta mmanụ na gas.O nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'ihe injinịa ihe n'aka Universidad Simon Bolivar dị na Venezuela na nzere masta na ihe engineering na Mahadum British Columbia.Ọ na-ejide ọtụtụ Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) asambodo ule na-adịghị emebi emebi, yana asambodo API 510 na asambodo ọkwa ọkwa CWB Group 3.Benz bụ onye otu NACE Edmonton Executive Alaka maka afọ 15 wee jee ozi na ọkwa dị iche iche na Edmonton Branch Canadian Welding Society.
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